{ "format": "flex-list-migrator", "format_version": 2, "generator": "FLEx List Migrator 1.1.0", "source_project": "Papuan evidentials (hand-built)", "source_list_guid": "", "source_list_name": { "en": "Text Chart Markers" }, "source_list_owner": "DsDiscourseData.ChartMarkers", "items": [ { "original_guid": "2e22263c-22e7-5e5c-8329-278ceed5ce03", "cls": "CmPossibility", "name": { "en": "Evidentials" }, "abbr": { "en": "EVID" }, "desc": { "en": "Grammatical marking of the speaker's source of information for a statement." }, "discussion": [ [ { "text": "Papuan languages have some of the largest evidentiality systems in the world. Most are obligatory and marked on the verb, especially in Trans-New Guinea highlands languages.", "ws": "en" } ], [ { "text": "2-term systems: direct vs. indirect (reported).", "ws": "en" } ], [ { "text": "3-term systems: visual vs. inferential vs. reportative, as in Enga (direct/visual vs. inferred vs. reported) and Tauya.", "ws": "en" } ], [ { "text": "Larger (5+ term) systems, as in Fasu and Foi: visual; non-visual sensory; reported; heard from a known source; direct participation; inferred/assumed (2–3 subtypes).", "ws": "en" } ], [ { "text": "In the Text Chart, choose Mark Evidentials, then a category, then a value. Only the values can be chosen (not the categories), and the chart cell shows the value's abbreviation.", "ws": "en" } ] ], "daughters": [ { "original_guid": "ee235c0b-fb88-53bb-ae1e-39e7cd9a5cb2", "cls": "CmPossibility", "name": { "en": "Sensory / Direct" }, "abbr": { "en": "DIR" }, "desc": { "en": "The speaker perceived the event directly, with the senses." }, "daughters": [ { "original_guid": "bfc98ca7-eea3-5d0c-ba65-4d0382fa7091", "cls": "CmPossibility", "name": { "en": "Visual" }, "abbr": { "en": "VIS" }, "desc": { "en": "The speaker saw the event." }, "discussion": [ [ { "text": "Also called: eyewitness; direct.", "ws": "en" } ], [ { "text": "Example: “I saw it happen.”", "ws": "en" } ] ], "daughters": [] }, { "original_guid": "a290bd5a-67b6-55b1-8f53-cb33c8f2eae5", "cls": "CmPossibility", "name": { "en": "Non-visual sensory" }, "abbr": { "en": "NVSENS" }, "desc": { "en": "The speaker heard, smelled or felt the event but did not see it." }, "discussion": [ [ { "text": "Also called: non-visual; non-eyewitness.", "ws": "en" } ], [ { "text": "Example: “I heard / smelled / felt it happen.”", "ws": "en" } ], [ { "text": "Fasu has visual (seen) and non-visual sensory (heard) as two different suffixes.", "ws": "en" } ], [ { "text": "Some systems split this value; for those languages use Auditory (AUD) and Other sensory (OSENS) instead.", "ws": "en" } ] ], "daughters": [] }, { "original_guid": "e19afaa4-4e29-5a5f-8722-938c54d3497a", "cls": "CmPossibility", "name": { "en": "Auditory" }, "abbr": { "en": "AUD" }, "desc": { "en": "The speaker heard the event." }, "discussion": [ [ { "text": "For systems that split non-visual sensory (NVSENS) into auditory and other senses.", "ws": "en" } ] ], "daughters": [] }, { "original_guid": "72d18ee2-6a11-51b3-b79e-8a495ef2883f", "cls": "CmPossibility", "name": { "en": "Other sensory" }, "abbr": { "en": "OSENS" }, "desc": { "en": "The speaker perceived the event by smell, touch or taste." }, "discussion": [ [ { "text": "For systems that split non-visual sensory (NVSENS) into auditory and other senses.", "ws": "en" } ] ], "daughters": [] } ] }, { "original_guid": "546a0dd9-a310-550e-bd9f-3ddb1fcbec33", "cls": "CmPossibility", "name": { "en": "Inferential" }, "abbr": { "en": "INFER" }, "desc": { "en": "The speaker infers the event instead of perceiving it." }, "discussion": [ [ { "text": "The most subdivided category in Papuan systems. Terms follow Aikhenvald, and San Roque & Loughnane.", "ws": "en" } ], [ { "text": "Fasu has three inferential values: deduced from evidence, statement about a thought, and obvious to the speaker.", "ws": "en" } ] ], "daughters": [ { "original_guid": "328418fb-afa5-5aa8-85a9-27ee281620c6", "cls": "CmPossibility", "name": { "en": "Resultative inference" }, "abbr": { "en": "INFER.RES" }, "desc": { "en": "The speaker sees the result and infers the cause." }, "discussion": [ [ { "text": "Also called: inferred from evidence.", "ws": "en" } ], [ { "text": "Example: “He must have gone” (I see his footprints).", "ws": "en" } ] ], "daughters": [] }, { "original_guid": "bd3f971b-02d8-5b86-b57d-d4e3c237065a", "cls": "CmPossibility", "name": { "en": "Reasoning inference" }, "abbr": { "en": "INFER.REAS" }, "desc": { "en": "Inference from general knowledge or logic." }, "discussion": [ [ { "text": "Also called: deduced; assumed; obvious.", "ws": "en" } ] ], "daughters": [] }, { "original_guid": "117d6d39-a633-5609-9e4f-056be1d1bd4b", "cls": "CmPossibility", "name": { "en": "Presumption" }, "abbr": { "en": "PRESUMPT" }, "desc": { "en": "A gut feeling: internal reasoning that it must be so." }, "discussion": [ [ { "text": "Also called: internal support.", "ws": "en" } ] ], "daughters": [] } ] }, { "original_guid": "85008dc2-0a13-59d9-9e41-10b2c919dbf6", "cls": "CmPossibility", "name": { "en": "Reported / Indirect" }, "abbr": { "en": "INDIR" }, "desc": { "en": "The speaker learned of the event from someone else." }, "daughters": [ { "original_guid": "46e07113-3677-5e5c-8571-d1b9e3e87ae5", "cls": "CmPossibility", "name": { "en": "Reportative" }, "abbr": { "en": "REP" }, "desc": { "en": "Reported from an unspecified source." }, "discussion": [ [ { "text": "Also called: reported; secondhand; hearsay (HEARSAY).", "ws": "en" } ], [ { "text": "Example: “They say… / I was told…”", "ws": "en" } ] ], "daughters": [] }, { "original_guid": "b3bc5bc7-c99a-5580-8fa3-fe76ea09ced5", "cls": "CmPossibility", "name": { "en": "Quotative" }, "abbr": { "en": "EV.QUOT" }, "desc": { "en": "A direct quotation of a named speaker. Abbreviated EV.QUOT so it isn't confused with a quote-margin marker (QUOT). Whether a quote margin is an evidential or a speech verb is an analysis decision: if you analyse quote margins as evidential marking in your language, you may want to change this abbreviation to QUOT and remove the separate quote-margin marker." }, "discussion": [ [ { "text": "Example: “X said: …”", "ws": "en" } ] ], "daughters": [] }, { "original_guid": "66e58290-ff0c-54c0-9153-c66bff612b3b", "cls": "CmPossibility", "name": { "en": "Heard from known source" }, "abbr": { "en": "REP.KNOWN" }, "desc": { "en": "The speaker knows who told them, as opposed to anonymous hearsay." }, "discussion": [ [ { "text": "Fasu marks this as a separate value.", "ws": "en" } ] ], "daughters": [] } ] }, { "original_guid": "594958f7-e87b-5a28-a2eb-cf2def09d913", "cls": "CmPossibility", "name": { "en": "Participatory / Egophoric" }, "abbr": { "en": "EGO" }, "desc": { "en": "The speaker knows because they did it or were involved." }, "discussion": [ [ { "text": "Characteristically Papuan.", "ws": "en" } ] ], "daughters": [ { "original_guid": "ee943128-6231-5b1a-85f9-6e6aa8d50b0a", "cls": "CmPossibility", "name": { "en": "Participatory" }, "abbr": { "en": "PART" }, "desc": { "en": "Knowledge from the speaker's own participation in the event." }, "discussion": [ [ { "text": "Also called: performative (PERF); personal-factual; ego; egophoric. These terms are used in descriptions of Foe, Oksapmin and Enga; Foe and Oksapmin are described as having a (personal-)factual value.", "ws": "en" } ], [ { "text": "Example (Central Pomo style): “I caught it — I know because I did it myself.”", "ws": "en" } ], [ { "text": "Avoid PERF as this marker's abbreviation: it is the usual gloss for perfect/perfective.", "ws": "en" } ] ], "daughters": [] } ] } ] } ] }